EXPLANATION TEXT

2. EXPLANATION
Dear students…
Masih ingat teks procedure kan? Itu loh, teks yang membahas tentang resep masakan, tata cara pengoperasian suatu benda, atau aturan permainan. Trus.. apa ada hubungan antara teks procedure dengan teks explanation. Jawabnya pasti ada. Persamaannya yaitu keduanya membahas tentang cara-cara membuat sesuatu. Trus… Apa dong bedanya? Perbedaannya teks procedure lebih simple. Namun teks explanation lebih ilmiah.
Genre: Explanation
Social function: To explain the process involved in the formation or working of natural or socio cultural phenomena.
Generic structure:
1. A general statement to position the reader
2. A sequenced explanation of why or how something occurs.
3. Closing
Language features:
 Focus on generic, non-human participants.
Use mainly of general and abstract nouns, action verbs, simple present tense, passive voice, conjunction of time and cause, noun phrases, complex sentences, and technical language.
Green house
When fossil fuels, or other fuels, such as wood or peat, which contain carbon are burned, carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere. Vehicles also give out, and so add, carbon dioxide to the atmosphere.
The Earth’s atmosphere allows most of the Sun’s rays to pass through it to heat the Earth’s surface. The Earth reflects much of the heat energy back into the atmosphere, but much of this reflected radiation cannot escape because gases such as carbon dioxide absorb it. They grow warm and send heat radiation back to Earth. This is the greenhouse effect. Many scientists think that the greenhouse effect may change the climate, over the next 100 years or so. One consequence of soalled “global warming” resulting from the greenhouse effect could be melting of the polar ice – caps. This in turn, could lead to a rise in sea level which could flood large areas of highly populated coastal land.
If carbon dioxide proves to be as harmful as thought. In order to reduce carbon dioxide levels we need to reduce the amounts of carbon-rich fuels burned.
1. What is emitted out when fuels which contain carbon are burned?
a. Carbon dioxide.
b. Wood.
c. Peat.
a. Radiation.
2. What effect does carbon dioxide have on the atmosphere?
a. It makes the atmosphere darker to long-wave radiation.
b. It makes the atmosphere allow most of the Sun’s rays to pass through.
c. It makes the atmosphere allow most of the Sun’s rays to pass through it to heat the Earth’s surface.
d. It makes the atmosphere become warmer.
3. The Earth reflects much of the heat energy back into the atmosphere ….
What is the Indonesian equivalent of the italicized word?
a. Menyerap.
b. Memancarkan.
c. Mencerminkan.
d. Memantulkan.
4. What causes the Earth to become warmer?
a. The Sun’s rays reflected by the Earth into the atmosphere.
b. The heat radiation sent back to Earth by gases that grow warm.
c. Reflected radiation that escapes into the atmosphere.
d. The burning of wood or peat.
5. What will happen if the sea level rises?
a. The polar ice will melt and make the sea get cooler.
b. Some large areas of coastal land will be inundated.
c. Some large areas of coastal land will be dried up.
d. The surface of the Earth will be flooded with water.

Recycling
Recycling is a collection, processing, and reuse of materials that would otherwise be thrown away. Materials ranging from precious metals to broken glass, from old newspapers to plastic spoons, can be recycled. The recycling process reclaims the original material and uses it in new products.
In general, using recycled materials to make new products costs less and requires less energy than using new materials. Recycling can also reduce pollution, either by reducing the demand for high-pollution alternatives or by minimizing the amount of pollution produced during the manufacturing process.
Paper products that can be recycled include cardboard containers, wrapping paper, and office paper. The most commonly recycled paper product is newsprint. In newspaper recycling, old newspapers are collected and searched for contaminants such as plastic bags and aluminum foil. The paper goes to a processing plant where it is mixed with hot water and turned into pulp in a machine that works much like a big kitchen blender. The pulp is screened and filtered to remove smaller contaminants. The pulp then goes to a large vat where the ink separates from the paper fibers and fl oats to the surface. The ink is skimmed off, dried and reused as ink or burned as boiler fuel. The cleaned pulp is mixed with new wood fibers to be made into paper again.
Experts estimate the average office worker generates about 5 kg of wastepaper per month. Every ton of paper that is recycled saves about 1.4 cu m (about 50 cu ft) of landfill space. One ton of recycled paper saves 17 pulpwood trees (trees used to produce paper).
1. The following things can be recycled, EXCEPT….
a. precious metals
b. broken glass
c. old newspapers
d. plastic spoons
e. fresh vegetables and fruits
2. Which of the following is NOT the benefit of recycling?
a. It costs much money for the process of recycling
b. It costs less to make new products.
c. It requires less energy.
d. It can reduce pollution.
e. It reduces the demand for high-pollution alternatives.
3. What is the third step of recycling paper products?
a. Collect and search for contaminants such as plastic bags and aluminium foil.
b. Mix the paper with hot water in a blender which turns it into pulp.
c. Screen and filter the pulp to remove smaller contaminants.
d. Put the pulp to a large vat to separate the ink from the paper fibres.
e. Mix the pulp with new wood fibres to be made into paper again.
4. We can make use of the ink after being separated from the paper fibres by doing the followings, EXCEPT….
a. Skim it off.
b. Dry it.
c. Reuse as ink.
d. Burn as boiler fuel.
e. Mix it with the pulp.

Making Paper from Woodchips
Making Paper from Woodchips
Wood chipping is a process used to obtain pulp and paper products from forest trees.
The wood chipping process begins when the trees are cut down in a selected area of the forest called a coupe.
Next the tops and branches of the tress are cut out and then the logs are taken to the mill.
At the mill the bark of the logs is removed and the logs are taken to a chipper which cuts them into small pieces called wood chips.
The woodchips are then screened to remove dirt and other impurities. At this stage, they are either exported in this form or changed into pulp by chemicals and heat.
The pulp is then bleached and the water content is removed.
Finally the pulp is rolled out to make paper.
1. What is the type of the text?
a. Explanation
b. Procedure
c. Exposition
d. Narrative
e. Spoof
2. The text describe the process of ……
a. cutting down the forest
b. producing woodchips
c. wood chipping
d. paper making
e. reforestation
3. What do the mill workers do with the logs?
a. They export the woodchips
b. They cut them into the pieces
c. They rolled out the paper
d. They remove the bark
e. They screen the logs
4. “At this stage, they are either exported in this form or …” (paragraph 2)
The underlined words refer to ……
a. logs
b. pulp
c. processed pulp
d. new woodchips
e. clear woodchips
5. “The woodchips are then screened to remove dirt and other impurities.” (paragraph 2).
In other words, they are …..
a. moved
b. cleaned
c. repaired
d. removed
e. processed

Facsimile
Facsimile, often called fax is a way of transmitting texts and pictures over telephone lines. News services often use facsimile to send news, stories, and photographs to newspaper and television stations. Banks, law firms and other businesses use facsimile to send copies of document, to clients and other organization.
A device called a facsimile machine is used for transmitting and receiving images. Facsimile machines resemble small photocopiers. However, they are equipped with a telephone or are connected to one. To send a document, the user inserts it into the machine and dials the telephone number of the receiving fax machine. After the connection is made, an electronic scanner on the transmitting machine moves across the page and converts the image a set of electric signals. These signals travel over the telephone line to the receiving fax machine. That machine converts the electric signals back into an image of the original document and then prints a copy.
Some business people use small desktop fax machines or portable models at home or when they travel. A personal computer can also be used to send and receive documents if it is equipped with a special electronic circuit board called a fax board.
1. What is the main information in the second paragraph?
A. A facsimile machine is a small photocopier
B. A facsimile machine is equipped with a telephone to transmit images
C. A facsimile machine transmits and receives images
D. A facsimile machine converts the electric signals back into an image
E. A facsimile machine sends documents to distant places
2. What do you call the device in the facsimile machine that converts the image of the document into a set of electric signals?
A. A copier
B. A converter
C. A telephone
D. An electronic scanner
E. A transmitting machine
3. What do you need to enable your computer to send and receive documents like a fax?
A. A fax board
B. A transmitter
C. A signal converter
D. An electronic circuit
E. An electronic scanner
4. “Facsimile, often called fax, is a way of transmitting texts and pictures over telephone lines.” (Paragraph 1)
The underlined word may be replaced by …..
A. Sending
B. Changing
C. Processing
D. Translating
E. Connecting

Bees
People have always been interested in bees. This interest may have begun with the honey bees make. In fact, archeologists have found evidence that people have been eating honey for many thousands years. In the more recent past, people were interested in the way bees made honey. They admired the way bees seemed to work so hard. Some languages even developed expressions about people working like bees. In English, for example, we talk about a “busy bees”. Now scientists have a new reason to be interested in bees. They have discovered that bees are able to communicate with each other. Research has revealed some surprising facts about this, but there are still many mysteries.
Communication is also possible among bees through their sense of smell. A group of bees, called a colony, uses smell to protect itself from other bees. This is possible because all the bees in a colony have a common smell. This smell acts like a chemical signal. It warns the group of bees when a bee from a different colony is near. This way, bees from outside can not enter and disturb a hive (the bee colony’s home). If outsiders try to enter, the bees of that colony will smell it and attack it.
1. What is the purpose of the text especially on first paragraph?
A. Tell past events
B. Describe about people interest in bees
C. Inform about the making of honey
D. Report about how bees work
E. Amuse the reader
2. How long have the people consumed the bee’s honey?
A. Hundred years
B. Thousands years
C. In recent years
D. Lately
E. For the past few years
3. How do the bees communicate among each other?
A. They use sense of smell
B. They use a colony
C. They use chemical signal
D. By their hive
E. By keeping their hive
4. How does bee’s sense of smell work?
A. as warning
B. attacking tool
C. to protect itself
D. to protect their hive
E. it just like a chemical signal

Viruses
Viruses like influenza and those that cause the common cold (there are a couple of hundred of them) have an incubation period once get into your body. The virus gets into a group of healthy cells and then goes about requisitioning their survival apparatus from the inside. During this incubation period, while the virus is multiplying inside those infected cells, you have no symptoms – no sore throat, no runny nose, no achy muscles – and no virus spreading like wildfire throughout your body so that every drop of saliva or mucous you produce contains it. And that’s how a virus spreads from one person to another; By a healthy person coming into contact with the bodily fluids of an infected person, whether those fluids are airborne (as from a sneeze) or left on a doorknob by a sick person who just wiped his nose. So if you have no symptoms yet, it’s a lot less likely that you’re going to spread the virus to another person.
Once the cells that have been taken over by the virus start to die, that’s when all hell breaks loose. Here’s when you start having symptoms, and you start spreading it to everyone you know if you are not careful. Some of those symptoms are caused by the virus itself (runny nose and sore throat, for example), and others are caused by your immune system (fever and exhaustion, for throughout your body, your immune system recognizes that something is wrong and begins its counterattack. All of this can take days to happen. With the flu in particular, the time between exposure and the onset of symptoms is usually between one and four days.
So, when are you contagious? Most experts agree that adults with a cold or the flu start being contagious period then last five to seven days into the illness. For children, the contagious period for the flu last up to two weeks after they start feeling sick, even if they start feeling better before that. The contagious period for a cold lasts about three to four days into the illness. As a general rule, people with a cold are most contagious about three days after their initial exposure to the virus.
1. The topic of the text is …..
A. The most contagious periods of colds and flu
B. The incubation period of colds and flu viruses
C. How to prevent colds and flu viruses from spreading
D. The symptoms of people who are suffering from colds and flu
E. Different types of viruses
16. It can be inferred from the passage that …..
A. Virus can spread only by air
B. Symptoms are not caused by viruses
C. People start showing symptoms when viruses are multiplying inside the infected cells
D. Flu and common cold are caused by the same virus
E. Influenza and cold differ in the length of their contagious time
17. Below are the efforts to prevent flu and cold viruses from spreading EXCEPT ….
A. Pick up used tissue with your bare hands
B. Always wash your hands after you wipe your runny nose
C. Always cover your nose while sneezing with a tissue or handkerchief
D. It is better to stay at home during the contagious period if you are infected
E. Put the tissue that you have used after sneezing or wiping your nose in the rubbish bin
18. According to the text, after the viruses have killed the infected cells and start to infect other healthy cells ……
A. This is the best time to take some medicine
B. Human immune system work to protect the healthy cells
C. It is less likely to spread the disease to other people
D. It is better to have plenty of rest and drink a lot of water
E. It is the time when you get fever and achy muscles
19. ‘Onset’ in line has the same meaning as ….
A. Location
B. Beginning
C. Ending
D. Period
E. Restore to health

TSUNAMIS
TSUNAMIS
A tsunami is a series of waves generated when water in a lake or in the sea is rapidly displaced on a massive scale. Earthquakes, landslides, volcanic eruptions and large meteorite impacts all have the potential to generate a tsunami. The effects of a tsunami can range from unnoticeable to devastating.
The term of tsunami comes from the Japanese language meaning harbour (tsu) and wave (nami). Although in Japanese tsunami is used for both singular and plural, in English “tsunamis” is well-established as the plural. The term was created by fisherman who returned to port to find the area surrounding the harbour devastated, although they had not been aware of any wave in the open water. A tsunami is not a sub-surface event in the deep ocean; it simply has a much smaller amplitude (wave heights) offshore, a very long wavelength (often hundreds kilometers long), which is why they generally pass unnoticed at sea, forming only a passing “hump” in the ocean.
Tsunamis have been historically referred to as “tidal waves” because as they approach land they take on the characteristics of a violent onrushing tide rather than the sort of cresting waves that are formed by wind action upon the ocean (with which people are more familiar). However, since they are not related to tides, the term is considered misleading and its usage is discouraged by oceanographers.
1. The writer wrote the text ……..
A. To entertain readers
B. To describe a tsunami
C. To argue against a tsunami
D. To tell funny things about tsunami
E. To persuade readers to prevent a tsunami
2. Waves which are created by a tsunami are very ……
A. Tiny
B. Long
C. Strong
D. Exciting
E. Peculiar extraordinary
3. “…… it simply has a much smaller amplitude (wave heights) offshore …….” (par.2)
Which is the closest meaning to the underlined word?
A. Only
B. Rarely
C. Really
D. Actually
E. Obviously
4. Which doesn’t have the potential to generate tsunami?
A. Earthquakes
B. Volcanic eruptions
C. Large meteorite impacts
D. Landslides
E. Harbours
5. ….. when water in lake or in the sea is rapidly displaced on a massive scale. The underlined word means …..
A. Fast
B. Continuously
C. Generally
D. Gradually
E. Slowly
Typhus
Typhus is contagious disease, which is caused by a germ named Salmonella Lyphi. This germ enters into human body through the impure food or drink. When the germs enter the body, people will get the syndrome after seven to twenty one days.
The main syndrome is a fever. At the first phase, the fever will increase step by step during five to seven days. Then, it will be high constantly. Besides, the infected people also will get a disturbing digestion, such as a disturbing taste and an uncomfortable stomach. They may also get diarrhea. At a serious infection, the disease will cause people to get consciousness disturbance, even shock.
However, because of the advanced technology in medicine, typhus can be cured using the antibiotic therapy. The patients will get well and be productive again, but some of them still have the typhoid germs in their bodies, and these germs can be found in their urine. They become the contagion of this disease to other people, although they have not suffered it. These people are called as carriers.
1. The main topic of the second paragraph above is ……..
A. How the typhus syndrome works
B. Some factors that cause the typhus
C. How to recover the typhus
D. How the typhus infects other people
E. How advanced the medicine is
2. The text above is ……… text.
A. a narrative
B. an explanatory
C. an anecdote
D. a persuasion
E. an argumentation
3. The following statements are associated with the text above, except ………
A. People may get shock because of the typhus
B. The germ that cause typhoid is called Salmonella Lyphi
C. People who have been recovered from typhus cannot transfer it to others
D. Typhus can be cured by antibiotic therapy
E. The first syndrome of typhus is fever
4. People who suffer typhus get these syndromes :
A. fever, digestion disturbance, shock
B. fever, weak muscle, shock
C. fever, digestion disturbance, weak muscle
D. fever, diarrhea, weak muscle
E. fever, weak muscle, disturbing sight
5. Typhus is a contagious disease. (paragraph 1) The word contagious means ……
A. dangerous
B. contentious
C. spreading easily
D. incidental
E. prosperous